GS2,OsGRF4,GL2,GLW2,LGS1

• Symbol: GS2,OsGRF4,GL2,GLW2,LGS1
• MSU: LOC_Os02g47280
• RAPdb: Os02g0701300

• A rare allele of GS2 enhances grain size and grain yield in rice, 2015, Molecular plant.
• Interaction between the GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR and KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX families of transcription factors., 2014, Plant Physiol.
• Regulation of OsGRF4 by OsmiR396 controls grain size and yield in rice, 2015, Nature Plants.
• Control of grain size and rice yield by GL2-mediated brassinosteroid responses, 2015, Nature Plants.
• OsGRF4 controls grain shape, panicle length and seed shattering in rice., 2016, J Integr Plant Biol.
• The OsmiR396c-OsGRF4-OsGIF1 regulatory module determines grain size and yield in Rice., 2016, Plant Biotechnol J.
• Modulating plant growth-metabolism coordination for sustainable agriculture., 2018, Nature.
• A Missense Mutation in LGS1 Increases Grain Size and Enhances Cold Tolerance in Rice., 2019, J Exp Bot.
• MYB61 is regulated by GRF4 and promotes nitrogen utilization and biomass production in rice, 2020, Nat Commun.
• Tightly controlled expression of OsbHLH35 is critical for anther development in rice, 2021, Plant Sci.
• Bin-based genome-wide association studies reveal superior alleles for improvement of appearance quality using a 4-way MAGIC population in rice, 2020, J Adv Res.
• OsGRF4AA compromises heat tolerance of developing pollen grains in rice., 2023, Front Plant Sci.

Genbank accession number

• A rare allele of GS2 enhances grain size and grain yield in rice
• Here, we report the cloning and characterization of a dominant QTL, GRAIN SIZE ON CHROMOSOME 2 (GS2), which encodes Growth-Regulating Factor 4 (OsGRF4), a transcriptional regulator.
• GS2 localizes to the nucleus and may act as a transcription activator.
• The increase of GS2 expression leads to larger cells and increased numbers of cells, which thus enhances grain weight and yield.
• We demonstrate that a 2 bp substitution mutation in GS2 perturbs OsmiR396-directed regulation of GS2, resulting in large and heavy grains and increased grain yield
• Further results reveal that GS2 interacts with the transcription coactivitors OsGIF1/2/3, and overexpression of OsGIF1 increases grain size and weight
• Because of the mutation, GL2 has a moderately increased expression level, which consequently activates brassinosteroid responses by upregulating a large number of brassinosteroid-induced genes to promote grain development
• OsGRF4 controls grain shape, panicle length and seed shattering in rice.
• Higher expression of OsGRF4 is correlated with larger grain, longer panicle and lower seed shattering
• Further research showed that OsGRF4 regulated two cytokinin dehydrogenase precursor genes (CKX5 and CKX1) resulting in increased cytokinin levels, which might affect the panicle traits
• High storage capacity and moderate seed shattering of OsGRF4 may be useful in high-yield breeding and mechanized harvesting of rice
• The mutation in OsGRF4 perturbs the OsmiR396 target regulation of OsGRF4, generating a larger grain size and enhanced grain yield
• LGS1 encodes the OsGRF4 transcription factor and contains a 2-basepair missense mutation in the coding region that coincides with the putative pairing site of microRNA396
• In addition to producing larger grains, LGS1 also enhanced cold tolerance at the seedling stage and increased the survival rate of seedlings after cold stress treatment
• A Missense Mutation in LGS1 Increases Grain Size and Enhances Cold Tolerance in Rice.
• Here, a semi-dominant QTL, designated Large Grain Size 1 (LGS1), was cloned and the potential molecular mechanism of LGS1 function was studied
• These findings indicate that the mutation in LGS1 appears to disturb the GRF4-miR396-stress response network and results in the development of enlarged grains and enhancement of cold tolerance in rice
• Accumulation of OsGRF4 enhances nitrogen usage and metabolism, and increases grain size and grain yield
• Taken together, our results suggest that variation in OsGRF4 affects proper transcriptional and splicing regulation of genes under HS, and that this can be mediated by, and also feed back to, carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism, resulting in a reduction in the heat tolerance of rice anthers
• The rice variety grain size on chromosome 2 (GS2) contains sequence variations of OsGRF4 (Oryza sativa growth-regulating factor 4; OsGRF4(AA) ), escaping the microRNA miR396-mediated degradation of this gene at the mRNA level

• GS2~OsGRF4~GL2~GLW2~LGS1, OSH71~Oskn2, Interaction between the GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR and KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX families of transcription factors., Conversely, RNA interference silencing of OsGRF3, OsGRF4, and OsGRF5 resulted in dwarfism, delayed growth and inflorescence formation, and up-regulation of Oskn2
• GS2~OsGRF4~GL2~GLW2~LGS1, GSK2~OsGSK2~OsSK22, Control of grain size and rice yield by GL2-mediated brassinosteroid responses, Furthermore, we found that GSK2, the central negative regulator of rice brassinosteroid signalling, directly interacts with OsGRF4 and inhibits its transcription activation activity to mediate the specific regulation of grain length by the hormone.
• GS2~OsGRF4~GL2~GLW2~LGS1, OsGS2~lambdaGS31, Concurrent Overexpression of OsGS1;1 and OsGS2 Genes in Transgenic Rice Oryza sativa L.: Impact on Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses., In this study, we investigated the effect of concurrent overexpression of the rice cytosolic GS1 (OsGS1;1) and chloroplastic GS2 (OsGS2) genes in transgenic rice on its tolerance to abiotic stresses and the herbicide Glufosinate
• GS2~OsGRF4~GL2~GLW2~LGS1, OsGS~OsGS1~GS1~OsGS1;1~OsGLN1;1, Concurrent Overexpression of OsGS1;1 and OsGS2 Genes in Transgenic Rice Oryza sativa L.: Impact on Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses., In this study, we investigated the effect of concurrent overexpression of the rice cytosolic GS1 (OsGS1;1) and chloroplastic GS2 (OsGS2) genes in transgenic rice on its tolerance to abiotic stresses and the herbicide Glufosinate
• CKI~EL1~Hd16, GS2~OsGRF4~GL2~GLW2~LGS1, Tightly controlled expression of OsbHLH35 is critical for anther development in rice, Yeast one-hybrid screening identified three members of the Growth-Regulating Factor (GRF) family, OsGRF3, OsGRF4, and OsGRF11, as transcriptional regulators of OsbHLH35
• GS2~OsGRF4~GL2~GLW2~LGS1, OsGRF11, Tightly controlled expression of OsbHLH35 is critical for anther development in rice, Yeast one-hybrid screening identified three members of the Growth-Regulating Factor (GRF) family, OsGRF3, OsGRF4, and OsGRF11, as transcriptional regulators of OsbHLH35
• GS2~OsGRF4~GL2~GLW2~LGS1, OsGRF3, Tightly controlled expression of OsbHLH35 is critical for anther development in rice, Yeast one-hybrid screening identified three members of the Growth-Regulating Factor (GRF) family, OsGRF3, OsGRF4, and OsGRF11, as transcriptional regulators of OsbHLH35
• GS2~OsGRF4~GL2~GLW2~LGS1, OsbHLH035~OsbHLH35, Tightly controlled expression of OsbHLH35 is critical for anther development in rice, Yeast one-hybrid screening identified three members of the Growth-Regulating Factor (GRF) family, OsGRF3, OsGRF4, and OsGRF11, as transcriptional regulators of OsbHLH35
• GS2~OsGRF4~GL2~GLW2~LGS1, OsTCL1, Ectopic expression of R3 MYB transcription factor gene OsTCL1 in Arabidopsis, but not rice, affects trichome and root hair formation., Consistent with these observations, expression levels of GL2, R2R3 MYB transcription factor gene GLABRA1 (GL1) and several R3 MYB genes were greatly reduced, indicating that OsTCL1 is functional R3 MYB
• GS2~OsGRF4~GL2~GLW2~LGS1, OsGL2, Effect of the CLE14 polypeptide on GLABRA2 homolog gene expression in rice and tomato roots., However, the CLE14 polypeptide treatment significantly inhibited the expression of the GL2 homolog genes of rice (OsGL2) and tomato (SlGL2)
• GS2~OsGRF4~GL2~GLW2~LGS1, OsGRF5, Interaction between the GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR and KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX families of transcription factors., Conversely, RNA interference silencing of OsGRF3, OsGRF4, and OsGRF5 resulted in dwarfism, delayed growth and inflorescence formation, and up-regulation of Oskn2
• GS2~OsGRF4~GL2~GLW2~LGS1, sh4~SHA1~SG5, Short grain 5 controls grain length in rice by regulating cell expansion., Moreover, the expression levels of BG1, GS2, and DEP1 were reduced in sg5 plants, and dual-luciferase (LUC) assays showed that SG5 can bind to the BG1 gene promoter