OsRac1

2015-01-20 | Categories genes  | Tags disease  defense  bacterial blight  ethylene  cell death  blast  magnaporthe oryzae  resistant  disease resistance  blight  defense response  leaf  defence  defence response  resistance  R protein  blast resistance  transcriptional activator  blast disease  grain  grain yield  yield  grain size  cell division  cell cycle  breeding  immunity 

• Information
  • Symbol: OsRac1
  • MSU: LOC_Os01g12900
  • RAPdb: Os01g0229400
• Publication
  • The Hop/Sti1-Hsp90 chaperone complex facilitates the maturation and transport of a PAMP receptor in rice innate immunity, 2010, Cell Host Microbe.
  • The rice bright green leaf bgl locus encodes OsRopGEF10, which activates the development of small cuticular papillae on leaf surfaces, 2011, Plant Mol Biol.
  • SWAP70 functions as a Rac/Rop guanine nucleotide-exchange factor in rice, 2012, Plant J.
  • Proteome analysis of detergent-resistant membranes DRMs associated with OsRac1-mediated innate immunity in rice, 2009, Plant Cell Physiol.
  • RACK1 functions in rice innate immunity by interacting with the Rac1 immune complex, 2008, Plant Cell.
  • Gene editing a constitutively active OsRac1 by homologous recombination-based gene targeting induces immune responses in rice, 2013, Plant Cell Physiol.
  • Proteomics of Rac GTPase signaling reveals its predominant role in elicitor-induced defense response of cultured rice cells, 2006, Plant Physiol.
  • The small GTP-binding protein Rac is a regulator of cell death in plants, 1999, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
  • Essential role of the small GTPase Rac in disease resistance of rice, 2001, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
  • Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase, a key enzyme in lignin biosynthesis, is an effector of small GTPase Rac in defense signaling in rice, 2006, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
  • Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase plays a vital role in regulation of rice seed vigor via altering NADPH oxidase activity, 2012, PLoS One.
  • Down-regulation of metallothionein, a reactive oxygen scavenger, by the small GTPase OsRac1 in rice, 2004, Plant Physiol.
  • The heterotrimeric G protein alpha subunit acts upstream of the small GTPase Rac in disease resistance of rice, 2002, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
  • Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of a rice Rac/Rop GTPase, OsRac1, 2014, Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun.
  • RAR1 and HSP90 form a complex with Rac/Rop GTPase and function in innate-immune responses in rice, 2007, Plant Cell.
  • Disulfide proteomics of rice cultured cells in response to OsRacl and probenazole-related immune signaling pathway in rice., 2017, Proteome Sci.
  • In vivo monitoring of plant small GTPase activation using a F<U+00F6>rster resonance energy transfer biosensor., 2018, Plant Methods.
  • Importance of OsRac1 and RAI1 in signalling of NLR protein-mediated resistance to rice blast disease., 2019, New Phytol.
  • The Rho-family GTPase OsRac1 controls rice grain size and yield by regulating cell division., 2019, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
  • The Small GTPase OsRac1 Forms Two Distinct Immune Receptor Complexes Containing the PRR OsCERK1 and the NLR Pit, 2021, Plant Cell Physiol.
  • The OsSPK1-OsRac1-RAI1 defense signaling pathway is shared by two distantly related NLR proteins in rice blast resistance., 2021, Plant Physiol.
• Genbank accession number
  • AB029508
• Key message
  • Here we show that the constitutively active OsRac1 (i) causes HR-like responses and greatly reduces disease lesions against a virulent race of the rice blast fungus; (ii) causes resistance against a virulent race of bacterial blight; and (iii) causes enhanced production of a phytoalexin and alters expression of defense-related genes
  • Taken together, our findings strongly suggest that OsRac1 has a general role in disease resistance of rice
  • The constitutively active (CA) G19V mutation of OsRac1 was previously shown to induce reactive oxygen species production, phytoalexin synthesis and defense gene activation, leading to resistance to rice blast infection
  • Proteins involved in redox regulation, chaperones such as heat shock proteins, BiP, and chaperonin 60, proteases and protease inhibitors, cytoskeletal proteins, subunits of proteasomes, and enzymes involved in the phenylpropanoid and ethylene biosynthesis pathways were found to be induced by CA-OsRac1 or SE
  • We have previously shown that a human small GTPase Rac homolog, OsRac1, from rice (Oryza sativa) induces cascades of defense responses in rice plants and cultured cells
  • Interestingly, of 100 proteins that were up-regulated by a SE, 87 were also induced by CA-OsRac1, suggesting that OsRac1 plays a pivotal role in defense responses induced by SE in cultured rice cells
  • Results of our proteomic analysis revealed that OsRac1 is able to induce many proteins in various signaling and metabolic pathways and plays a predominant role in the defense response in cultured rice cells
  • We have previously shown that the Rac homolog of rice, OsRac1, is a regulator of ROI production and cell death in rice
  • We found that the expression of a metallothionein gene (OsMT2b) was synergically down-regulated by OsRac1 and rice (Oryza sativa) blast-derived elicitors
  • In the CA-gOsRac1 plants, a number of genes previously shown to be induced by Magnaporthe oryzae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv
  • Expression of the constitutively active OsRac1, a small GTPase Rac of rice, in d1 mutants restored SE-dependent defense signaling and resistance to rice blast
  • We have proposed a model for the defense signaling of rice in which the heterotrimeric G protein functions upstream of the small GTPase OsRac1 in the early steps of signaling
  • To study the precise localization of OsRac1 in the PM and its possible association with other signaling components, we performed proteomic analysis of DRMs (detergent-resistant membranes) isolated from rice suspension-cultured cells transformed with myc-tagged constitutively active (CA) OsRac1
  • Proteome analysis of detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) associated with OsRac1-mediated innate immunity in rice
  • We introduced the constitutively active and the dominant negative forms of the small GTP-binding protein OsRac1, a rice homolog of human Rac, into the wild type and a lesion mimic mutant of rice and analyzed H(2)O(2) production and cell death in transformed cell cultures and plants
  • OsRac1, one of the Rac/Rop family of small GTPases, plays important roles in defense responses, including a role in the production of reactive oxygen species mediated by NADPH oxidase
  • Thus, it is likely that OsRac1 controls lignin synthesis through regulation of both NADPH oxidase and OsCCR1 activities during defense responses in rice
  • In the leaf blade of homozygous CA-gOsRac1 plants, mutant transcript levels were much lower than in those of wild-type plants
  • We have established a plant version of a F<U+00F6>rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) probe called Ras and interacting protein chimeric unit (Raichu) that can successfully monitor activation of the rice small GTPase OsRac1 during various defence responses in cells
  • Importance of OsRac1 and RAI1 in signalling of NLR protein-mediated resistance to rice blast disease.
  • We also identified RAI1, a transcriptional activator, as a PID3 interactor required for PID3-mediated blast resistance and showed that RAI1 expression is induced by PID3 via a process mediated by OsRac1
  • This study describes a new signalling pathway for NLR protein-mediated blast resistance and shows that OsRac1 and RAI1 act together to play a critical role in this process
  • We identified OsRac1, a known GTPase, as a signaling molecule in PID3-mediated blast resistance, implicating OsRac1 as a possible common factor downstream of rice NLR proteins
  • The Rho-family GTPase OsRac1 controls rice grain size and yield by regulating cell division.
  • As a result, OsRac1 overexpression improves grain yield in O
  • Interestingly, OsRac1 interacts with and regulates the phosphorylation level of OsMAPK6, which is known to regulate cell division and grain size in rice
  • Thus, our findings suggest OsRac1 modulates rice grain size and yield by influencing cell division
  • This study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the control of rice grain size and suggests that OsRac1 could serve as a potential target gene for breeding high-yield crops
  • RNA-seq and cell cycle analyses suggest that OsRac1 promotes cell division
  • We have previously found that the small GTPase OsRac1 plays key roles in the signaling of OsCERK1, a PRR for fungal chitin, and of Pit, an NLR for rice blast fungus, and associates directly and indirectly with both of these immune receptors
  • These findings illuminate how the PRR OsCERK1 and the NLR Pit orchestrate rice immunity through the small GTPase OsRac1
• Connection
  • Hsp90~rHsp90~OSGrp94, OsRac1, The Hop/Sti1-Hsp90 chaperone complex facilitates the maturation and transport of a PAMP receptor in rice innate immunity, Further, Hop/Sti1 and Hsp90 are present at the PM in a complex (designated the “defensome”) with OsRac1, a plant-specific Rho-type GTPase
  • OsRac1, OsRopGEF10~BGL, The rice bright green leaf bgl locus encodes OsRopGEF10, which activates the development of small cuticular papillae on leaf surfaces, In yeast two-hybrid assays, OsRopGEF10 interacts with OsRac1, one of seven OsRac proteins; consistent with this, both proteins are localized in the plasma membrane
  • OsRac1, OsRopGEF10~BGL, The rice bright green leaf bgl locus encodes OsRopGEF10, which activates the development of small cuticular papillae on leaf surfaces, These results suggest that OsRopGEF10 activates OsRac1 to turn on the molecular signaling pathway for SP development
  • OsRac1, OsSWAP70A, SWAP70 functions as a Rac/Rop guanine nucleotide-exchange factor in rice, OsSWAP70A interacted with rice Rho GTPase OsRac1, an important signaling factor for immune responses
  • OsRac1, OsSWAP70A, SWAP70 functions as a Rac/Rop guanine nucleotide-exchange factor in rice, The DH domain of OsSWAP70A exhibited the GEF-catalytic activity toward OsRac1 as found in animal Rho GEFs, indicating that plants have the functional DH domains
  • OsRac1, OsSWAP70A, SWAP70 functions as a Rac/Rop guanine nucleotide-exchange factor in rice, Transient expression of OsSWAP70A enhanced OsRac1-mediated production of reactive oxygen species in planta
  • OsRac1, OsRACK1A, Proteome analysis of detergent-resistant membranes DRMs associated with OsRac1-mediated innate immunity in rice, To examine the possible association of DRMs and OsRac1-mediated innate immunity, we used rice suspension-cultured cells transformed with myc-tagged wild-type (WT) OsRac1 and found that OsRac1 and RACK1A, an effector of OsRac1, shifted to the DRMs after chitin elicitor treatment
  • OsRac1, OsRACK1A, RACK1 functions in rice innate immunity by interacting with the Rac1 immune complex, Rice contains two RACK1 genes, RACK1A and RACK1B, and the RACK1A protein interacts with the GTP form of Rac1
  • OsRac1, OsRACK1A, RACK1 functions in rice innate immunity by interacting with the Rac1 immune complex, Rac1 positively regulates RACK1A at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels
  • OsRac1, OsRACK1A, RACK1 functions in rice innate immunity by interacting with the Rac1 immune complex, These results suggest that RACK1A functions in rice innate immunity by interacting with multiple proteins in the Rac1 immune complex
  • OsRac1, RACK1B~OsWD40-122~OsRACK1B, RACK1 functions in rice innate immunity by interacting with the Rac1 immune complex, Rice contains two RACK1 genes, RACK1A and RACK1B, and the RACK1A protein interacts with the GTP form of Rac1
  • OsCCR1, OsRac1, Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase, a key enzyme in lignin biosynthesis, is an effector of small GTPase Rac in defense signaling in rice, We have identified an effector of OsRac1, namely rice (Oryza sativa) cinnamoyl-CoA reductase 1 (OsCCR1), an enzyme involved in lignin biosynthesis
  • OsCCR1, OsRac1, Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase, a key enzyme in lignin biosynthesis, is an effector of small GTPase Rac in defense signaling in rice, In in vitro interaction and two-hybrid experiments, OsRac1 was shown to bind OsCCR1 in a GTP-dependent manner
  • OsCCR1, OsRac1, Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase, a key enzyme in lignin biosynthesis, is an effector of small GTPase Rac in defense signaling in rice, Moreover, the interaction of OsCCR1 with OsRac1 led to the enzymatic activation of OsCCR1 in vitro
  • OsCCR1, OsRac1, Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase, a key enzyme in lignin biosynthesis, is an effector of small GTPase Rac in defense signaling in rice, Thus, it is likely that OsRac1 controls lignin synthesis through regulation of both NADPH oxidase and OsCCR1 activities during defense responses in rice
  • OsMT2b, OsRac1, Down-regulation of metallothionein, a reactive oxygen scavenger, by the small GTPase OsRac1 in rice, We found that the expression of a metallothionein gene (OsMT2b) was synergically down-regulated by OsRac1 and rice (Oryza sativa) blast-derived elicitors
  • OsMT2b, OsRac1, Down-regulation of metallothionein, a reactive oxygen scavenger, by the small GTPase OsRac1 in rice, Taken together, these results showed that OsMT2b is an ROS scavenger and its expression is down-regulated by OsRac1, thus potentiating ROS, which function as signals in resistance response
  • D1~RGA1~LW5, OsRac1, The heterotrimeric G protein alpha subunit acts upstream of the small GTPase Rac in disease resistance of rice, Expression of the constitutively active OsRac1, a small GTPase Rac of rice, in d1 mutants restored SE-dependent defense signaling and resistance to rice blast
  • Hsp90~rHsp90~OSGrp94, OsRac1, RAR1 and HSP90 form a complex with Rac/Rop GTPase and function in innate-immune responses in rice, In this study, we examined the functional relationships between Os Rac1, RAR1, and HSP90
  • Hsp90~rHsp90~OSGrp94, OsRac1, RAR1 and HSP90 form a complex with Rac/Rop GTPase and function in innate-immune responses in rice, Coimmunoprecipitation experiments with rice cell culture extracts indicate that Rac1 forms a complex with RAR1, HSP90, and HSP70 in vivo
  • Hsp90~rHsp90~OSGrp94, OsRac1, RAR1 and HSP90 form a complex with Rac/Rop GTPase and function in innate-immune responses in rice, Studies with Os RAR1-RNAi and treatment with geldanamycin, an HSP90-specific inhibitor, showed that RAR1 and HSP90 are essential for the Rac1-mediated enhancement of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immune responses in rice cell cultures
  • Hsp90~rHsp90~OSGrp94, OsRac1, RAR1 and HSP90 form a complex with Rac/Rop GTPase and function in innate-immune responses in rice, Furthermore, the function of HSP90, but not RAR1, may be essential for their association with the Rac1 complex
  • Hsp90~rHsp90~OSGrp94, OsRac1, RAR1 and HSP90 form a complex with Rac/Rop GTPase and function in innate-immune responses in rice, Together, our results indicate that Rac1, RAR1, HSP90, and HSP70 form one or more protein complexes in rice cells and suggest that these proteins play important roles in innate immunity in rice
  • OsRac1, OsRAR1, RAR1 and HSP90 form a complex with Rac/Rop GTPase and function in innate-immune responses in rice, In this study, we examined the functional relationships between Os Rac1, RAR1, and HSP90
  • OsRac1, OsRAR1, RAR1 and HSP90 form a complex with Rac/Rop GTPase and function in innate-immune responses in rice, Constitutively active Os Rac1 complemented the loss of resistance, suggesting that Os Rac1 and RAR1 are functionally linked
  • OsRac1, OsRAR1, RAR1 and HSP90 form a complex with Rac/Rop GTPase and function in innate-immune responses in rice, Coimmunoprecipitation experiments with rice cell culture extracts indicate that Rac1 forms a complex with RAR1, HSP90, and HSP70 in vivo
  • OsRac1, OsRAR1, RAR1 and HSP90 form a complex with Rac/Rop GTPase and function in innate-immune responses in rice, Studies with Os RAR1-RNAi and treatment with geldanamycin, an HSP90-specific inhibitor, showed that RAR1 and HSP90 are essential for the Rac1-mediated enhancement of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immune responses in rice cell cultures
  • OsRac1, OsRAR1, RAR1 and HSP90 form a complex with Rac/Rop GTPase and function in innate-immune responses in rice, Furthermore, the function of HSP90, but not RAR1, may be essential for their association with the Rac1 complex
  • OsRac1, OsRAR1, RAR1 and HSP90 form a complex with Rac/Rop GTPase and function in innate-immune responses in rice, Os Rac1 also regulates RAR1 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels
  • OsRac1, OsRAR1, RAR1 and HSP90 form a complex with Rac/Rop GTPase and function in innate-immune responses in rice, Together, our results indicate that Rac1, RAR1, HSP90, and HSP70 form one or more protein complexes in rice cells and suggest that these proteins play important roles in innate immunity in rice
  • OsRac1, SPIN6, The RhoGAP SPIN6 Associates with SPL11 and OsRac1 and Negatively Regulates Programmed Cell Death and Innate Immunity in Rice., The RhoGAP SPIN6 Associates with SPL11 and OsRac1 and Negatively Regulates Programmed Cell Death and Innate Immunity in Rice.
  • OsRac1, SPIN6, The RhoGAP SPIN6 Associates with SPL11 and OsRac1 and Negatively Regulates Programmed Cell Death and Innate Immunity in Rice., Strikingly, SPIN6 interacts with the small GTPase OsRac1, catalyze the GTP-bound OsRac1 into the GDP-bound state in vitro and has GAP activity towards OsRac1 in rice cells
  • OsRac1, OsRacGEF1, An OsCEBiP/OsCERK1-OsRacGEF1-OsRac1 module is an essential early component of chitin-induced rice immunity., Searching for OsRac1 interactors, we identified OsRacGEF1 as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for OsRac1
  • OsRac1, OsRacGEF1, An OsCEBiP/OsCERK1-OsRacGEF1-OsRac1 module is an essential early component of chitin-induced rice immunity., Collectively, our results suggest that OsCEBiP, OsCERK1, OsRacGEF1, and OsRac1 function as key components of a "defensome" critically engaged early during chitin-induced immunity
  • OsRac1, OsSPK1, Resistance protein Pit interacts with the GEF OsSPK1 to activate OsRac1 and trigger rice immunity., Resistance protein Pit interacts with the GEF OsSPK1 to activate OsRac1 and trigger rice immunity.
  • OsRac1, OsSPK1, Resistance protein Pit interacts with the GEF OsSPK1 to activate OsRac1 and trigger rice immunity., Here, we identified OsSPK1, a DOCK family guanine nucleotide exchange factor, as an interactor of Pit and activator for OsRac1
  • OsRac1, OsSPK1, Resistance protein Pit interacts with the GEF OsSPK1 to activate OsRac1 and trigger rice immunity., OsSPK1 contributes to signaling by two disease-resistance genes, Pit and Pia, against the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae and facilitates OsRac1 activation in vitro and in vivo
  • OsRac1, OsSPK1, Resistance protein Pit interacts with the GEF OsSPK1 to activate OsRac1 and trigger rice immunity., The CC domain of Pit is required for its binding to OsSPK1, OsRac1 activation, and the induction of cell death
  • OsRac1, Pi25~Pid3, Importance of OsRac1 and RAI1 in signalling of NLR protein-mediated resistance to rice blast disease., We also identified RAI1, a transcriptional activator, as a PID3 interactor required for PID3-mediated blast resistance and showed that RAI1 expression is induced by PID3 via a process mediated by OsRac1
  • OsRac1, RAI1, Importance of OsRac1 and RAI1 in signalling of NLR protein-mediated resistance to rice blast disease., Importance of OsRac1 and RAI1 in signalling of NLR protein-mediated resistance to rice blast disease.
  • OsRac1, RAI1, Importance of OsRac1 and RAI1 in signalling of NLR protein-mediated resistance to rice blast disease., We also identified RAI1, a transcriptional activator, as a PID3 interactor required for PID3-mediated blast resistance and showed that RAI1 expression is induced by PID3 via a process mediated by OsRac1
  • OsRac1, RAI1, Importance of OsRac1 and RAI1 in signalling of NLR protein-mediated resistance to rice blast disease., This study describes a new signalling pathway for NLR protein-mediated blast resistance and shows that OsRac1 and RAI1 act together to play a critical role in this process
  • OsMPK1~OsMAPK6~OsSIPK, OsRac1, The Rho-family GTPase OsRac1 controls rice grain size and yield by regulating cell division., Interestingly, OsRac1 interacts with and regulates the phosphorylation level of OsMAPK6, which is known to regulate cell division and grain size in rice
  • OsRac1, WED, Mutation of a Nucleotide-Binding Leucine-Rich Repeat Immune Receptor-Type Protein Disrupts Immunity to Bacterial Blight., Epistasis analyses illustrated that SA accumulation and the NLR-associated components RAR1, OsRac1, and PhyB are indispensable for the wed phenotypes
  • DRUS1~FLR1, OsRac1, Roles of FERONIA-like receptor genes in regulating grain size and quality in rice, A mechanism underlying the regulation of grain size by FLR1 is that FLR1 is associated with OsRac1 Rho-like GTPase, a positive regulator of grain size
  • OsCERK1, OsRac1, The Small GTPase OsRac1 Forms Two Distinct Immune Receptor Complexes Containing the PRR OsCERK1 and the NLR Pit, The Small GTPase OsRac1 Forms Two Distinct Immune Receptor Complexes Containing the PRR OsCERK1 and the NLR Pit
  • OsCERK1, OsRac1, The Small GTPase OsRac1 Forms Two Distinct Immune Receptor Complexes Containing the PRR OsCERK1 and the NLR Pit, We have previously found that the small GTPase OsRac1 plays key roles in the signaling of OsCERK1, a PRR for fungal chitin, and of Pit, an NLR for rice blast fungus, and associates directly and indirectly with both of these immune receptors
  • OsCERK1, OsRac1, The Small GTPase OsRac1 Forms Two Distinct Immune Receptor Complexes Containing the PRR OsCERK1 and the NLR Pit, In this study, using biochemical and bioimaging approaches, we revealed that OsRac1 formed two distinct receptor complexes with OsCERK1 and with Pit
  • OsCERK1, OsRac1, The Small GTPase OsRac1 Forms Two Distinct Immune Receptor Complexes Containing the PRR OsCERK1 and the NLR Pit, Activation of OsCERK1 and Pit led to OsRac1 activation and, concomitantly, OsRac1 shifted from a small to a large protein complex fraction
  • OsCERK1, OsRac1, The Small GTPase OsRac1 Forms Two Distinct Immune Receptor Complexes Containing the PRR OsCERK1 and the NLR Pit, These findings illuminate how the PRR OsCERK1 and the NLR Pit orchestrate rice immunity through the small GTPase OsRac1
  • OsRac1, Pit, The Small GTPase OsRac1 Forms Two Distinct Immune Receptor Complexes Containing the PRR OsCERK1 and the NLR Pit, The Small GTPase OsRac1 Forms Two Distinct Immune Receptor Complexes Containing the PRR OsCERK1 and the NLR Pit
  • OsRac1, Pit, The Small GTPase OsRac1 Forms Two Distinct Immune Receptor Complexes Containing the PRR OsCERK1 and the NLR Pit, We have previously found that the small GTPase OsRac1 plays key roles in the signaling of OsCERK1, a PRR for fungal chitin, and of Pit, an NLR for rice blast fungus, and associates directly and indirectly with both of these immune receptors
  • OsRac1, Pit, The Small GTPase OsRac1 Forms Two Distinct Immune Receptor Complexes Containing the PRR OsCERK1 and the NLR Pit, In this study, using biochemical and bioimaging approaches, we revealed that OsRac1 formed two distinct receptor complexes with OsCERK1 and with Pit
  • OsRac1, Pit, The Small GTPase OsRac1 Forms Two Distinct Immune Receptor Complexes Containing the PRR OsCERK1 and the NLR Pit, Activation of OsCERK1 and Pit led to OsRac1 activation and, concomitantly, OsRac1 shifted from a small to a large protein complex fraction
  • OsRac1, Pit, The Small GTPase OsRac1 Forms Two Distinct Immune Receptor Complexes Containing the PRR OsCERK1 and the NLR Pit, These findings illuminate how the PRR OsCERK1 and the NLR Pit orchestrate rice immunity through the small GTPase OsRac1
  • OsRac1, RAI1, The OsSPK1-OsRac1-RAI1 defense signaling pathway is shared by two distantly related NLR proteins in rice blast resistance., OsSPK1 activates the small GTPase OsRac1, which in turn transduces the signal to the transcription factor RAC IMMUNITY1 (RAI1)
  • OsRac1, OsSPK1, The OsSPK1-OsRac1-RAI1 defense signaling pathway is shared by two distantly related NLR proteins in rice blast resistance., OsSPK1 activates the small GTPase OsRac1, which in turn transduces the signal to the transcription factor RAC IMMUNITY1 (RAI1)
  • OsCBM1, OsRac1, Rice Carbohydrate-Binding Malectin-Like Protein, OsCBM1, Contributes to Drought-Stress Tolerance by Participating in NADPH Oxidase-Mediated ROS Production., Meanwhile, OsCBM1 can also physically interacts with OsRacGEF1, a specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the Rop/Rac GTPase OsRac1, and transient coexpression of OsCBM1 with OaRacGEF1 significantly enhanced ROS production

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